[英文筆記] 動詞如何轉換成名詞 (動名詞 & 不定詞)

動詞轉換成名詞：

1. 動名詞：動詞 + ing (V-ing)(動詞字尾加上ing，就可以當名詞用)
2. 不定詞：to + 原形動詞 (to V)

注意：有些動詞後面，兩者皆可跟，
有些動詞後面只能接「V-ing (動名詞)」，有些只能接「to V (不定詞)」

問題來源

對說中文的人而言，一個字究竟是動詞，還是名詞，其實很少人知道的。
例如：「唱歌」對一般人而言是動詞，但是，如果我們說「唱歌是有益的」，又會發現「唱歌」其實也是名詞。

英文就不同了，英文裡很少有一個字，又是動詞，又是名詞，
例如：sing是動詞，絕對不能當作名詞用

既然sing是動詞，也沒有一個sing的名詞，那怎麼辦呢？

英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用「動名詞」和「不定詞」來將一個動詞改成一個名詞。

動名詞 Gerunds (V-ing)

所謂動名詞，乃是將一個動詞，字尾加上ing

例如：

• I like singing.
• Playing basketball is good for you.
• Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
• Is traveling around the world meaningful to you?
• Studying English is not difficult.

動名詞的用法

1. 動名詞可用作主詞。
   Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.

2. 動名詞可以用作動詞的受詞。
   I enjoy studying English.

3. 動名詞可以作為介系詞的受詞。
   This book is about traveling.

at, in, about, of, on 都是介系詞。
介系詞後面 必定跟一個名詞，也是它的受詞。

舉例

Play tennis is fun. ❌
Playing tennis is fun. ⭕️

I am not interested in swim. ❌
I am not interested in swimming. ⭕️

Please forgive me for make this mistake. ❌
Please forgive me for making this mistake. ⭕️

• Are you interested in swimming?
  你對游泳有興趣嗎？

• I am not used to smoking.
  我不習慣（be not used to）抽煙。

• I am accustomed to getting up early.
  我已習慣了（be accustomed to）早起。

不定詞 to Infinitives (to V)

不定詞 ＝ to＋動詞的原式。
例如：to go, to love, to eat 等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動名詞的用法相似。

例如：

• To love is to forgive.
• To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
• I like to eat chicken.
• I asked my brother to come here.

不定詞不能用在介系詞的後面

不定詞和動名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的後面，

以下的句子都是錯的：

I am interested in to play piano. ❌
He is worried about to go abroad. ❌
I am in charge of to prepare for the party. ❌

不定詞的用法

• 不定詞可以用作主詞。
  To play tennis is great fun.

• 不定詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞。
  He loves to listen to jokes.

• 不定詞可以跟在代名詞的後面，
  動詞（verb）＋代名詞（pronoun）＋不定詞（infinitive）
  I told him to work hard.

• 不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中。
  My brother was asked to come back home.

注意：動名詞不一定可以和不定詞互調。

有些動詞後面可以跟動名詞或不定詞：love, like, hate, start, begin, enjoy, appreciate, avoid, keep, consider, finish, suggest, discuss 。

以下的動詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞：agree, plan, want, decide, seem, appear 。

特殊單字 stop

一個字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop。

• stop smoking 指不再抽煙了
• stop to smoke 指停下來，開始抽煙

動名詞和不定詞的被動和否定形式

將動詞改成名詞的時候，也可以有被動語氣和否定語氣。

Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.

練習1

將下面的空格填入動名詞或不定詞：

I enjoy ___ (listen) to rock and roll music.
I enjoy listening to rock and roll music.

He seems ___ (be) a kind person.
He seems to be a kind person.

Please keep ___ (talk) to me.
Please keep talking to me.

練習2

將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用動名詞和不定詞：

被人愛令人快樂。
To be loved makes people happy.

不要再（stop）抽煙了。
Stop smoking.

我要求（require）他每天唸英文。
I required him to study English every day.

不定詞的簡式

不定詞中一定要有to，但在有幾個動詞的後面，to又要省掉：let, make, have, see, hear, watch, notice。

以下動詞後面的不定詞，都要省掉 to：

動詞	例句
let	My monther let me watch TV tonight.
make	He makes his students respect teacher.
have	He had his sons clean their rooms.
see	I saw him run away.
hear	I heard the birds sing.
watch	I watched the kids play.
notice	I noticed her cry.

因為在這些動詞的後面，本來應該用不定詞，僅僅是to被省略掉了，因此，在這些動詞的後面，仍然要用原形動詞。

let 後面的不定詞中的to，要省掉

• I let him to leave. ❌
• I let him leave. ⭕️

make 後面的不定詞中的to，要省掉

• I made him to work hard. ❌
• I made him work hard. ⭕️

help 後面的不定詞中的to，可省可不省略

Help 這一個動詞非常特別，它的後面的不定詞中的to可省略也可不省，

以下的句子都是對的：

• I helped him wash his car.
• I helped him to wash his car.

練習

以下的句子都有錯，請改正。

He lets his son to drive his car. ❌
He lets his son drive his car. ⭕️

I had Mary to marry me. ❌
I had Mary marry me. ⭕️

This song makes everyone to cry. ❌
This song makes everyone cry. ⭕️

Book: 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法(李家同/海柏)