[英文筆記] 片語 & 子句

片語(phrase)

Understanding English is easy.
I want you to work hard.

Understanding English和work hard內部沒有主詞，也沒有動詞，這種字群，叫做片語(phrase)。

子句(clause)

Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English.
I told him that I was going away.

who has been to England和 I was going away 內部有主詞和動詞，這種字群，叫做子句(clause)。

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1. 問題型式的名詞子句
2. 以that開始的名詞子句
3. 形容詞子句

1. 問題型式的名詞子句

句子中充當名詞用的子句就是名詞子句。 每一個問題型式的名詞子句都要用 who, where, whether, which 等來開始。

範例:

• I don’t know where he came from.
  我不知道他來自何處。

• I will find out where he is living. 我要找出他住在哪裡。

• Please let me know how old he is.
  請讓我知道他多大年紀。

• Do you know who he is?
  你知道他是誰嗎？

不能在名詞子句中用問句的型式

每一個名詞都有問題的意義，我們不能在名詞子句中用問句的型式，因為畢竟名詞子句僅僅是一個子句而已。

錯誤範例1：

I don’t know where did he come from. ❌ 

I don’t know where he came from. ⭕️

錯誤範例2：

I will find out how old is he. ❌

I will find out how old he is. ⭕️

練習

我不知道你是誰。
I do not know who you are.

你知道他是誰嗎?
Do you know who he is?

我知道天空為什麼是藍的。
I know why the sky is blue.

2. 以 that 開始的名詞子句

範例:

• That the sun rises from the west is wrong.
  太陽從西邊升起的說法是錯誤的。

• I purpose that we get married.
  我建議我們結婚。

• I demand that you go away.
  我要求你離開。

錯誤範例1:

地球是圓的是眾所皆知的事。
The earth is round is known to everyone. ❌

上述句子是錯的，我們必須加一個 that 到名詞子句。

• That the earth is round is known to everyone. ⭕️

錯誤範例2:

我要求他一定要用功讀書。
I demand he must work hard. ❌

我們應該加一個that在名詞子句的前面。

• I demand that he must work hard. ⭕️

雖然我們常常會看到”that”被省略的情形，
為保險起見，最好不要省略that。

練習

請將that加到句子中:

I am glad you are here now.     

I am glad that you are here now.

He is an American is unknown to us.     

That he is an American is unknown to us.

I do not think he is a bad student.  

I do not think that he is a bad student.

3. 形容詞子句

形容詞子句永遠都是在形容一個名詞，因此我們在這個子句必須有一個代名詞，
像 who, when, where, whom 等。

舉例

不能譯成以下句子：

住在那棟房子裡的人是我的哥哥。
The person live in that house is my brother. ❌ 

• 步驟1： 先將 live in the house 改成 living in the house 片語。
  The person living in the house is my brother.

• 步驟2：再將片語 living in the house 改成 子句 who lives in the house。

它的作用是形容 The person，所以是一個形容詞子句。
The person who lives in the house is my brother.

例如: (以下為形容詞子句)

• The storm which hit India last week is very strong.
  上週襲擊印度的風暴非常強烈。

• I met your uncle who has a red car.
  我遇見了你那位有一輛紅色汽車的叔叔。

子句的最後一個字是一個介系詞 (to)，應該要放到前面去

錯誤範例:

下述兩子句的最後一個字是一個介系詞。

範例:

• The party which I went to is interesting.
• The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly.

上述兩子句的最後一個字是一個介系詞。

正式的英文中，我們應該改成:

• The party to which I went is interesting.
• The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.

說明

The party which I went to is interesting. ❌    

這句話可以分成兩句來講：

• The party is interesting.
• I went to The party

所以將兩個子句合在一起：The party which I went to is interesting (子句的最後一個字是一個介系詞)

但，正式的講法應該是：(to應該要放到前面去)

• The party to which I went is interesting. ⭕️

The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly. ❌  

正式的講法應該是：(to應該要放到前面去)

The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly. ⭕️

多餘的it

範例:

• I like the book which you gave it to me. ❌

上述句子中的it是多餘的，因為 gave 的受 詞是which 不需要加it。

• I like the book which you gave to me. ⭕️

練習改錯:

I like to talk to people which are friendly. ❌
I like to talk to people who are friendly. ⭕️

I enjoy reading the book which you gave it to me. ❌ (多餘的it)
I enjoy reading the book which you gave to me. ⭕️

Do you know the person which everyone knows? ❌
Do you know the person whom everyone knows? ⭕️

補充

動詞為 agree, ask, believe, find, forget, guess, hear, hope, know, notice, remember, say, see, tell, think, understand 等時，這時的連接詞 that 可省略。

Book: 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法(李家同/海柏)